Abstract: This paper presents a new effective measure of un-certainty (MoU) of basic belief assignments. This new continuous measure is effective in the sense that it satisfies a small number of very ...

Scientists update Hamilton’s rule with powerful new math, revealing the many ways altruism and cooperation can thrive in ...

Stochastic dynamical systems arise in many scientific fields, such as asset prices in financial markets, neural activity in ...

In today's rapidly advancing technological era, mathematics is undoubtedly the cornerstone of intelligent systems. From the laws of physics to the core algorithms of artificial intelligence, ...

A French civil servant functioned normally with 90 percent of his brain missing. How is this possible? Research reveals ...

Let’s cut to the chase: the only reason why people read financial publication articles is to look for an edge in the market. But with the latest developments in artificial intelligence able to ...

A large number of fish species are associated with drifting seaweeds; however, the ecological significance of such seaweeds for fishes remains unclear. Here, we developed a raft equipped with a ...

A continuous random variable is a type of variable that can take on any value within a given range. Unlike discrete random variables, which have a countable number of outcomes, continuous random ...

In the late 19th century, Karl Weierstrass invented a fractal-like function that was decried as nothing less than a “deplorable evil.” In time, it would transform the foundations of mathematics.

The Riemann hypothesis is the most important open question in number theory—if not all of mathematics. It has occupied experts for more than 160 years. And the problem appeared both in mathematician ...