What is the Valley Degree of Freedom? The valley degree of freedom is a quantum property of electrons in certain materials, where the energy bands have multiple minima or "valleys" in the momentum ...
The quantum many body problem has been at the heart of much of theoretical and experimental physics over the past few decades ...
As the intensity, polarization, wavelength, and other physical dimensions of light have already been desperately exploited to scale the capacity of optical communications, it is far more difficult now ...
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