Urdu word spotting is among the most challenging tasks in image processing and word spotting of hand written Urdu text is even more so. When it comes to handwritten Urdu documents, variation among the ...

Methods for capturing and modeling vegetation, such as trees or plants, typically distinguish between two components-branch skeleton and foliage. Current methods do not provide quantitatively accurate ...

Traditional spatial structure analysis methods, such as the nearest four trees (NFT) or Voronoi diagrams, lack the directional precision needed to capture localized competition effects on crown shape.