Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Abstract: The discovery of causal relationships from the observational data is an important task. To identify the unique causal structure belonging to a Markov equivalence class, a number of ...

Apple improved the Math Notes feature in iOS 26 and iPadOS 26, allowing users to input equations to create graphs in three dimensions. With ‌iOS 26‌ and ‌iPadOS 26‌, when you write an equation with ...

Causal inference is known to be very challenging when only observational data are available. Randomized experiments are often costly and impractical and in instrumental variable regression the number ...

The word correlation is used in everyday life to denote some form of association. We might say that we have noticed a correlation between foggy days and attacks of wheeziness. However, in statistical ...

Simultaneous linear equations are used to model situations where two relationships must be satisfied at the same time. These problems often involve two interdependent variables, such as comparing ...

Linear functions are used to model a broad range of real-world problems. The ability to solve linear equations and inequalities is an essential skill for analysing these models. This section covers ...

A general implementation of Structural Equation Models with latent variables (MLE, 2SLS, and composite likelihood estimators) with both continuous, censored, and ordinal outcomes (Holst and ...

Many types of economic problems require that we consider two variables at the same time. A typical example is the relation between price of a commodity and the demand or supply of that commodity. The ...