Raster-based GIS routing models prevent pipelines from becoming an economic burden on the companies and countries involved in their construction and operation by minimizing not just the economic costs ...

Until recently, the term "desktop GIS" meant a system with limited functions running on a personal computer. High-end GIS was found only on workstations. Now these distinctions are beginning to blur.

Open source software has gained popularity in recent years, as exemplified by operating systems such as Linux, container software such as Docker, and automation tools such as Ansible. In the ...