The Monte Carlo simulation estimates the probability of different outcomes in a process that cannot easily be predicted because of the potential for random variables.

What then? Inevitably, there is suffering. There is suffering that is utterly unique to having the experience of “random rewards” and variable parenting across time.

This note suggests that expressing a distribution function as a mixture of suitably chosen distribution functions leads to improved methods for generating random variables in a computer. The idea is ...

A random variable that can take only a certain specified set of individual possible values-for example, the positive integers 1, 2, 3, . . . For example, stock prices are discrete random variables ...

In this paper we define the concept of a normal fuzzy random variable and we prove the following representation theorem: Every normal fuzzy random variable equals the sum of its expected value and a ...