However, today, most discussions refer to the TCP/IP Protocol Suite model that has, listed from the top down, five layers: application, transport, network, data link, and physical. Let’s investigate a ...

Engineer's perspective: TCP is at Layer 4, IP is at Layer 3, VLAN is at Layer 2—layered thinking is the first step in ...

Ethernet is a layer 2 data link protocol that is widely used with the TCP/IP protocol, which resides at layers 3 and 4.

The purpose of the network layer is to help route messages between different local networks. Central to this layer is the concept of exclusive network addresses, where every terminal connected to the ...

However, OSPF scales to larger networks, particularly WANs, better than EIGRP. Other Layer 3 routing protocols, such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and IS–IS, aren’t as widely available across ...

Furthermore, with the advent of small-scale appliance networking, we shall soon need IP addresses for every component and subcomponent of equipment in an office, factory or the home. The next ...