Zhou began his quest for the solution to this problem with a simple question posed to his introductory probability class for engineering students. In the class, he asked: “What is the probability of ...

Deirdre Bloome, Shannon Ang, Is the Effect Larger in Group A or B? It Depends, Demography, Vol. 59, No. 4 (August 2022), pp. 1459-1488 ...

ESPN’s formula is not a total black box. The company has suggested that it calculates the live, in-game probability from the same kinds of data streams that other such models use.

The model is trained by two completely separate sets: observed presence and background data. Assuming that the probability of presence is one for ‘ prototypical presence' locations where the habitats ...