Probability density function is a statistical expression defining the likelihood of a series of outcomes for a continuous variable, such as a stock or ETF return.

In 1959 A. Renyi proposed a set of axioms for a measure of dependence for pairs of random variables. In the same year A. Sklar introduced the general notion of a copula. This is a function which links ...

This paper is concerned with the determination of tight lower and upper bounds on the expectation of a convex function of a random variable. The classic bounds are those of Jensen and ...