We shouldn’t ask how much knowledge an agent can retain, but rather if it has had the opportunity to develop expertise by ...

With machine learning (ML) at the heart of much of modern computing, the interesting question is: How do machines learn? There’s a lot of deep computer science in machine learning, producing models ...

One of Audrey Watters’s observations in her deeply researched Teaching Machines is that ed-tech evangelists seldom make an effort to learn the history of educational technologies. For those ...

28th February 1957: Project leader on Electronic Reading Automaton George Norrie in front of the scanner of the Solartron Reading Machine. (Photo by Ron Burton/Keystone/Getty Images) It’s axiomic ...

From the 1920s American psychologists experimented with teaching using machines. Inspired, in part, by the expansion of schooling, especially at the secondary level; the success of paper-and-pencil ...

As I was reading Audrey Watters’s Teaching Machines: The History of Personalized Learning, recently published by MIT Press, the word “landmark” kept occurring to me.[1] This is a landmark book. It is ...