ABOUT 120,000 types of protein molecule have yielded up their structures to science. That sounds a lot, but it isn’t. The techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR) ...

Proteins are made up of amino acid residues which are bound together by peptide bonds between the amino nitrogen (N) and the carboxyl group. Just 21 distinct amino acids exist, but they can bind ...

Variations on DNA sequences profoundly affect how we develop diseases and respond to pathogens and drugs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a nanomechanical imaging approach for genetic analysis ...