The process of beer-brewing has traditionally been considered an art form. Since the entire beer market reached a valuation of $116.0 billion in 2019, there has been an increase in the demand for ...

Biological and analytical advances enable modern fermentation processes to deliver safe and effective next-generation medicines. The pharmaceutical industry is no stranger to fermentation. Synthetic ...

Fermentation is one of the oldest biotechnologies, yet it’s now driving some of the most cutting-edge innovations in health, nutrition, and sustainability. From therapeutic enzymes and precision ...

The US FDA’s Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative provides a structure for “Quality by Design” (QbD) deployment. As part this initiative, knowledge of industrial processes is gained using ...

Creation and qualification of scale-down models are essential for performing several critical activities that support process validation and commercial manufacturing. As shown in Figure 1, these ...